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Reading passages and articles
CC BY 4.0
Antibody Responses Across Four Influenza Seasons
Sergeeva MV, Kudar P, Desheva Y, Romanovskaya-Romanko E, Krivitskaya V, Buzitskaya J et al. (2026). Duration of the Humoral Immune Response to Influenza Vaccination in a Cohort of Repeatedly Vaccinated Adults over Four Consecutive Epidemic Seasons: 2018/19–2021/22 Observational Study. Vaccines. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines14090800. Licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Excerpt: citation and figure references removed, wording unchanged.
License: CC BY 4.0
What we changed: Excerpt of 5 whole paragraphs (568 words) from the "4. Discussion" section; citation and figure references removed; wording unchanged.
Artificial Intelligence and the Moral Foundations of Clinical Practice
Omeljančiuk A, Peičius E, Urbonienė A, Urbonas G (2026). Beyond Algorithmic Oversight: Internal Morality of Medicine and Meaningful Human Control in AI-Assisted Care. Healthcare. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare14121638. Licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Excerpt: citation and figure references removed, wording unchanged.
License: CC BY 4.0
What we changed: Excerpt of 5 whole paragraphs (518 words) from the "1. Introduction" section; citation and figure references removed; wording unchanged.
Leitman AS, Hampton-Smith M, Growns I, Bell SL, Mathias RH (2026). Benthic Community Composition of Coral Reefs Is Associated with the Time Since Last Blast Fishing Event. Biology. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15181584. Licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Excerpt: citation and figure references removed, wording unchanged.
License: CC BY 4.0
What we changed: Excerpt of 4 whole paragraphs (517 words) from the "1. Introduction" section; citation and figure references removed; wording unchanged.
Echolocation in Horseshoe Bats
Zhang L, Sun K, Dai W, Liu T, Li A, Feng J (2026). Gene Ontology-Based Comparative Transcriptomics Provides Evidence of Genetic Adaptations in the Rhinolophus macrotis Group (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae). Animals : an Open Access Journal from MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16152331. Licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Excerpt: citation and figure references removed, wording unchanged.
License: CC BY 4.0
What we changed: Excerpt of 4 whole paragraphs (663 words) from the "1. Introduction" section; citation and figure references removed; wording unchanged.
Health Care in Post-War Yugoslavia
Duric P, Rajcevic S, Djekic Malbasa J, Prokic D, Milosevic L (2026). Social Participation for Health and Health Care Workers’ Self-Management: Lessons from Socialist Yugoslavia for Contemporary Health Systems—A Systematic Review. Healthcare. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare14182933. Licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Excerpt: citation and figure references removed, wording unchanged.
License: CC BY 4.0
What we changed: Excerpt of 4 whole paragraphs (523 words) from the "4. Discussion" section; citation and figure references removed; wording unchanged.
The Classical View of Natural Law
Martyushev LM (2026). The Evolution of Physical Laws and the Entropic Measure of Time. Entropy. https://doi.org/10.3390/e28070792. Licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Excerpt: citation and figure references removed, wording unchanged.
License: CC BY 4.0
What we changed: Excerpt of 4 whole paragraphs (503 words) from the "1. Introduction" section; citation and figure references removed; wording unchanged.
Timing of Respiratory Infection Waves
Majewska W, Poniedziałek B, Brydak LB, Fal A, Rzymski P (2026). Seasonal and Age-Stratified Patterns of Influenza, COVID-19, and RSV in Poland (2024–2026). Viruses. https://doi.org/10.3390/v18091038. Licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Excerpt: citation and figure references removed, wording unchanged.
License: CC BY 4.0
What we changed: Excerpt of 2 whole paragraphs (525 words) from the "4. Discussion" section; citation and figure references removed; wording unchanged.
CC BY-SA 4.0 and GFDL
Wikipedia, "Molar concentration", section "Definition", revision 1358151686, CC BY-SA 4.0
License: CC BY-SA 4.0 and GFDL. ShareAlike: what we adapted from this work is offered under the same license.
What we changed: Questions in this test were written with AI assistance from this article.
Wikipedia, "Social mobility", section "Social status and social class", revision 1378666507, CC BY-SA 4.0
License: CC BY-SA 4.0 and GFDL. ShareAlike: what we adapted from this work is offered under the same license.
What we changed: Questions in this test were written with AI assistance from this article.
CC-BY, version 4.0 (articles from July 2012)
Artificial Intelligence and Health Psychology
Mohiyeddini C (2026). The algorithmic patient: on the ontological disruption of selfhood, suffering, and healing in the age of artificial intelligence. Frontiers in Psychology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1809692. Licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Excerpt: citation and figure references removed, wording unchanged.
License: CC-BY, version 4.0 (articles from July 2012)
What we changed: Excerpt of 6 whole paragraphs (518 words) from the "Introduction: the uninvited guest at the bedside" section; citation and figure references removed; wording unchanged.
Diplomacy in the Service of Public Health
Linares L, Chen-Xu J, Medialdea Carrera R, Pietersz D, Zavattaro F, Otok R et al. (2026). Public health diplomacy in an era of complexity, uncertainty, and unpredictability: perspectives from a YFG–ASPHER workshop. Frontiers in Public Health. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1880539. Licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Excerpt: citation and figure references removed, wording unchanged.
License: CC-BY, version 4.0 (articles from July 2012)
What we changed: Excerpt of 4 whole paragraphs (614 words) from the "Introduction" section; citation and figure references removed; wording unchanged.
Fair Access to Education and Social Trust
Hou H, Wu R, Wang D (2026). The relationship between perceived educational opportunity fairness and social trust: an empirical study based on cognition, emotion and developmental expectation. Frontiers in Psychology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1876898. Licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Excerpt: citation and figure references removed, wording unchanged.
License: CC-BY, version 4.0 (articles from July 2012)
What we changed: Excerpt of 2 whole paragraphs (505 words) from the "Introduction" section; citation and figure references removed; wording unchanged.
CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication
Charles Darwin, "The Voyage of the Beagle" (1839). Excerpt from the Standard Ebooks edition (CC0 1.0 public domain dedication), https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/charles-darwin/the-voyage-of-the-beagle. The text is in the public domain (Charles Darwin died 1882).
License: CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication
What we changed: Excerpt of 2 whole paragraphs (515 words) from "chapter-1"; the wording is unchanged.
Ralph Waldo Emerson, "Essays" (1841). Excerpt from the Standard Ebooks edition (CC0 1.0 public domain dedication), https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/ralph-waldo-emerson/essays. The text is in the public domain (Ralph Waldo Emerson died 1882).
License: CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication
What we changed: Excerpt of 4 whole paragraphs (525 words) from "self-reliance"; the wording is unchanged.
Charles Darwin, "The Voyage of the Beagle" (1839). Excerpt from the Standard Ebooks edition (CC0 1.0 public domain dedication), https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/charles-darwin/the-voyage-of-the-beagle. The text is in the public domain (Charles Darwin died 1882).
License: CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication
What we changed: Excerpt of 2 whole paragraphs (532 words) from "chapter-18"; the wording is unchanged.
William James, "Pragmatism" (1907). Excerpt from the Standard Ebooks edition (CC0 1.0 public domain dedication), https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/william-james/pragmatism. The text is in the public domain (William James died 1910).
License: CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication
What we changed: Excerpt of 3 whole paragraphs (569 words) from "chapter-2"; the wording is unchanged.
A Leader's Programme and Its Reception
W. E. B. Du Bois, "The Souls of Black Folk" (1903). Excerpt from the Standard Ebooks edition (CC0 1.0 public domain dedication), https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/w-e-b-du-bois/the-souls-of-black-folk. The text is in the public domain (W. E. B. Du Bois died 1963).
License: CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication
What we changed: Excerpt of 4 whole paragraphs (538 words) from "of-mr-booker-t-washington-and-others"; the wording is unchanged.
George Eliot, "Middlemarch" (1872). Excerpt from the Standard Ebooks edition (CC0 1.0 public domain dedication), https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/george-eliot/middlemarch. The text is in the public domain (George Eliot died 1880).
License: CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication
What we changed: Excerpt of 5 whole paragraphs (558 words) from "chapter-5"; the wording is unchanged.
Jane Austen, "Pride and Prejudice" (1813). Excerpt from the Standard Ebooks edition (CC0 1.0 public domain dedication), https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/jane-austen/pride-and-prejudice. The text is in the public domain (Jane Austen died 1817).
License: CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication
What we changed: Excerpt of 5 whole paragraphs (553 words) from "chapter-4"; the wording is unchanged.
Ralph Waldo Emerson, "Essays" (1841). Excerpt from the Standard Ebooks edition (CC0 1.0 public domain dedication), https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/ralph-waldo-emerson/essays. The text is in the public domain (Ralph Waldo Emerson died 1882).
License: CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication
What we changed: Excerpt of 4 whole paragraphs (550 words) from "compensation"; the wording is unchanged.
Mark Twain, "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" (1876). Excerpt from the Standard Ebooks edition (CC0 1.0 public domain dedication), https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/mark-twain/the-adventures-of-tom-sawyer. The text is in the public domain (Mark Twain died 1910).
License: CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication
What we changed: Excerpt of 3 whole paragraphs (500 words) from "chapter-5"; the wording is unchanged.
Bertrand Russell, "The Problems of Philosophy" (1912). Excerpt from the Standard Ebooks edition (CC0 1.0 public domain dedication), https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/bertrand-russell/the-problems-of-philosophy. The text is in the public domain (Bertrand Russell died 1970).
License: CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication
What we changed: Excerpt of 3 whole paragraphs (506 words) from "chapter-3"; the wording is unchanged.
Certainty and an Ordinary Table
Bertrand Russell, "The Problems of Philosophy" (1912). Excerpt from the Standard Ebooks edition (CC0 1.0 public domain dedication), https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/bertrand-russell/the-problems-of-philosophy. The text is in the public domain (Bertrand Russell died 1970).
License: CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication
What we changed: Excerpt of 3 whole paragraphs (601 words) from "chapter-1"; the wording is unchanged.
John Dewey, "Democracy and Education" (1916). Excerpt from the Standard Ebooks edition (CC0 1.0 public domain dedication), https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/john-dewey/democracy-and-education. The text is in the public domain (John Dewey died 1952).
License: CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication
What we changed: Excerpt of 4 whole paragraphs (565 words) from "chapter-1-2"; the wording is unchanged.
Custom and the Decline of Individuality
John Stuart Mill, "On Liberty" (1859). Excerpt from the Standard Ebooks edition (CC0 1.0 public domain dedication), https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/john-stuart-mill/on-liberty. The text is in the public domain (John Stuart Mill died 1873).
License: CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication
What we changed: Excerpt of 2 whole paragraphs (667 words) from "chapter-3"; the wording is unchanged.
Darwin's Followers and the Struggle for Existence
Peter Kropotkin, "Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution" (1902). Excerpt from the Standard Ebooks edition (CC0 1.0 public domain dedication), https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/peter-kropotkin/mutual-aid. The text is in the public domain (Peter Kropotkin died 1921).
License: CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication
What we changed: Excerpt of 5 whole paragraphs (575 words) from "chapter-1"; the wording is unchanged.
William James, "The Varieties of Religious Experience" (1902). Excerpt from the Standard Ebooks edition (CC0 1.0 public domain dedication), https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/william-james/the-varieties-of-religious-experience. The text is in the public domain (William James died 1910).
License: CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication
What we changed: Excerpt of 3 whole paragraphs (597 words) from "chapter-2"; the wording is unchanged.
Doubt and a Fixed Starting Point
Bertrand Russell, "The Problems of Philosophy" (1912). Excerpt from the Standard Ebooks edition (CC0 1.0 public domain dedication), https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/bertrand-russell/the-problems-of-philosophy. The text is in the public domain (Bertrand Russell died 1970).
License: CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication
What we changed: Excerpt of 4 whole paragraphs (535 words) from "chapter-2"; the wording is unchanged.
Fossil Giants of a Coastal Plain
Charles Darwin, "The Voyage of the Beagle" (1839). Excerpt from the Standard Ebooks edition (CC0 1.0 public domain dedication), https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/charles-darwin/the-voyage-of-the-beagle. The text is in the public domain (Charles Darwin died 1882).
License: CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication
What we changed: Excerpt of 4 whole paragraphs (650 words) from "chapter-5"; the wording is unchanged.
History, Literature and the Reader
Ralph Waldo Emerson, "Essays" (1841). Excerpt from the Standard Ebooks edition (CC0 1.0 public domain dedication), https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/ralph-waldo-emerson/essays. The text is in the public domain (Ralph Waldo Emerson died 1882).
License: CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication
What we changed: Excerpt of 3 whole paragraphs (531 words) from "history"; the wording is unchanged.
How a Social Group Shapes Its Young
John Dewey, "Democracy and Education" (1916). Excerpt from the Standard Ebooks edition (CC0 1.0 public domain dedication), https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/john-dewey/democracy-and-education. The text is in the public domain (John Dewey died 1952).
License: CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication
What we changed: Excerpt of 3 whole paragraphs (541 words) from "chapter-2-1"; the wording is unchanged.
Bertrand Russell, "The Problems of Philosophy" (1912). Excerpt from the Standard Ebooks edition (CC0 1.0 public domain dedication), https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/bertrand-russell/the-problems-of-philosophy. The text is in the public domain (Bertrand Russell died 1970).
License: CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication
What we changed: Excerpt of 4 whole paragraphs (509 words) from "chapter-4"; the wording is unchanged.
Labour, Display and Social Esteem
Thorstein Veblen, "The Theory of the Leisure Class" (1899). Excerpt from the Standard Ebooks edition (CC0 1.0 public domain dedication), https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/thorstein-veblen/the-theory-of-the-leisure-class. The text is in the public domain (Thorstein Veblen died 1929).
License: CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication
What we changed: Excerpt of 3 whole paragraphs (586 words) from "chapter-3"; the wording is unchanged.
Charles Darwin, "The Voyage of the Beagle" (1839). Excerpt from the Standard Ebooks edition (CC0 1.0 public domain dedication), https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/charles-darwin/the-voyage-of-the-beagle. The text is in the public domain (Charles Darwin died 1882).
License: CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication
What we changed: Excerpt of 4 whole paragraphs (695 words) from "chapter-2"; the wording is unchanged.
Liberty and the Power of Rulers
John Stuart Mill, "On Liberty" (1859). Excerpt from the Standard Ebooks edition (CC0 1.0 public domain dedication), https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/john-stuart-mill/on-liberty. The text is in the public domain (John Stuart Mill died 1873).
License: CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication
What we changed: Excerpt of 2 whole paragraphs (608 words) from "chapter-1"; the wording is unchanged.
Newcomers at a Country Assembly
Jane Austen, "Pride and Prejudice" (1813). Excerpt from the Standard Ebooks edition (CC0 1.0 public domain dedication), https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/jane-austen/pride-and-prejudice. The text is in the public domain (Jane Austen died 1817).
License: CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication
What we changed: Excerpt of 5 whole paragraphs (628 words) from "chapter-3"; the wording is unchanged.
David Hume, "An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding" (1748). Excerpt from the Standard Ebooks edition (CC0 1.0 public domain dedication), https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/david-hume/an-enquiry-concerning-human-understanding. The text is in the public domain (David Hume died 1776).
License: CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication
What we changed: Excerpt of 4 whole paragraphs (586 words) from "chapter-2"; the wording is unchanged.
Reasoning About Matters of Fact
David Hume, "An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding" (1748). Excerpt from the Standard Ebooks edition (CC0 1.0 public domain dedication), https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/david-hume/an-enquiry-concerning-human-understanding. The text is in the public domain (David Hume died 1776).
License: CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication
What we changed: Excerpt of 4 whole paragraphs (667 words) from "chapter-4-1"; the wording is unchanged.
Seabird Colonies and Their Predators
Peter Kropotkin, "Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution" (1902). Excerpt from the Standard Ebooks edition (CC0 1.0 public domain dedication), https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/peter-kropotkin/mutual-aid. The text is in the public domain (Peter Kropotkin died 1921).
License: CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication
What we changed: Excerpt of 4 whole paragraphs (631 words) from "chapter-2"; the wording is unchanged.
Struggle or Cooperation in Evolution
Peter Kropotkin, "Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution" (1902). Excerpt from the Standard Ebooks edition (CC0 1.0 public domain dedication), https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/peter-kropotkin/mutual-aid. The text is in the public domain (Peter Kropotkin died 1921).
License: CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication
What we changed: Excerpt of 4 whole paragraphs (693 words) from "introduction"; the wording is unchanged.
The Case Against Silencing an Opinion
John Stuart Mill, "On Liberty" (1859). Excerpt from the Standard Ebooks edition (CC0 1.0 public domain dedication), https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/john-stuart-mill/on-liberty. The text is in the public domain (John Stuart Mill died 1873).
License: CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication
What we changed: Excerpt of 2 whole paragraphs (515 words) from "chapter-2"; the wording is unchanged.
The Habits of a Village Matchmaker
George Eliot, "Middlemarch" (1872). Excerpt from the Standard Ebooks edition (CC0 1.0 public domain dedication), https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/george-eliot/middlemarch. The text is in the public domain (George Eliot died 1880).
License: CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication
What we changed: Excerpt of 2 whole paragraphs (625 words) from "chapter-6"; the wording is unchanged.
W. E. B. Du Bois, "The Souls of Black Folk" (1903). Excerpt from the Standard Ebooks edition (CC0 1.0 public domain dedication), https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/w-e-b-du-bois/the-souls-of-black-folk. The text is in the public domain (W. E. B. Du Bois died 1963).
License: CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication
What we changed: Excerpt of 2 whole paragraphs (514 words) from "of-our-spiritual-strivings"; the wording is unchanged.
Two Temperaments and the Divided Self
William James, "The Varieties of Religious Experience" (1902). Excerpt from the Standard Ebooks edition (CC0 1.0 public domain dedication), https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/william-james/the-varieties-of-religious-experience. The text is in the public domain (William James died 1910).
License: CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication
What we changed: Excerpt of 5 whole paragraphs (541 words) from "chapter-6"; the wording is unchanged.
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY)
Codon Choice in Coronavirus Spike Genes
Chew JJ, Ng CH (2026). Genus- and host-associated codon usage bias patterns in coronavirus spike genes. PLOS One. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0351693. Licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Excerpt: citation and figure references removed, wording unchanged.
License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY)
What we changed: Excerpt of 6 whole paragraphs (545 words) from the "Introduction" section; citation and figure references removed; wording unchanged.
Charalambous C (2026). Regret, uncertainty, and bounded rationality in norm-driven decisions. PLOS One. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0354748. Licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Excerpt: citation and figure references removed, wording unchanged.
License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY)
What we changed: Excerpt of 6 whole paragraphs (588 words) from the "1. Introduction" section; citation and figure references removed; wording unchanged.
Li Y, Huang Z, Zhang Y, Chen Y (2026). Beyond semantics: Prosody can shape and modulate listeners’ emotional experience of poetry — A cross-linguistic investigation. PLOS One. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0345072. Licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Excerpt: citation and figure references removed, wording unchanged.
License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY)
What we changed: Excerpt of 6 whole paragraphs (572 words) from the "Introduction" section; citation and figure references removed; wording unchanged.
Productivity of High-Altitude Grasslands
Zhang G, Sun W, Li S, Zhong Z, Tian Y, Zhao C et al. (2026). Fresh aboveground net primary productivity of Tibetan grasslands: Responses of different plant functional groups to climate change and human activities and implications for ecosystem management. PLOS One. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0349705. Licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Excerpt: citation and figure references removed, wording unchanged.
License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY)
What we changed: Excerpt of 2 whole paragraphs (573 words) from the "Introduction" section; citation and figure references removed; wording unchanged.
Underlying PD text. Contributed text under Wikimedia Terms of Use (CC BY-SA 4.0).
Florence Nightingale, "Notes on Nursing: What It Is, and What It Is Not, Chapter VIII" (1860). Excerpt from the Wikisource, "Notes on Nursing: What It Is, and What It Is Not/Chapter VIII", revision 16302276, https://en.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=Notes_on_Nursing%3A_What_It_Is%2C_and_What_It_Is_Not%2FChapter_VIII&oldid=16302276. The text is in the public domain (Florence Nightingale died 1910).
License: Underlying PD text. Contributed text under Wikimedia Terms of Use (CC BY-SA 4.0).
What we changed: Excerpt of 6 whole paragraphs (647 words) from "part-0"; the wording is unchanged.
Care That Continues in the Nurse's Absence
Florence Nightingale, "Notes on Nursing: What It Is, and What It Is Not, Chapter III" (1860). Excerpt from the Wikisource, "Notes on Nursing: What It Is, and What It Is Not/Chapter III", revision 16302273, https://en.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=Notes_on_Nursing%3A_What_It_Is%2C_and_What_It_Is_Not%2FChapter_III&oldid=16302273. The text is in the public domain (Florence Nightingale died 1910).
License: Underlying PD text. Contributed text under Wikimedia Terms of Use (CC BY-SA 4.0).
What we changed: Excerpt of 9 whole paragraphs (516 words) from "part-0"; the wording is unchanged.
Florence Nightingale, "Notes on Nursing: What It Is, and What It Is Not, Chapter VI" (1860). Excerpt from the Wikisource, "Notes on Nursing: What It Is, and What It Is Not/Chapter VI", revision 16302274, https://en.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=Notes_on_Nursing%3A_What_It_Is%2C_and_What_It_Is_Not%2FChapter_VI&oldid=16302274. The text is in the public domain (Florence Nightingale died 1910).
License: Underlying PD text. Contributed text under Wikimedia Terms of Use (CC BY-SA 4.0).
What we changed: Excerpt of 5 whole paragraphs (516 words) from "part-0"; the wording is unchanged.
On Sleep and Noise in the Sickroom
Florence Nightingale, "Notes on Nursing: What It Is, and What It Is Not, Chapter IV" (1860). Excerpt from the Wikisource, "Notes on Nursing: What It Is, and What It Is Not/Chapter IV", revision 3582999, https://en.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=Notes_on_Nursing%3A_What_It_Is%2C_and_What_It_Is_Not%2FChapter_IV&oldid=3582999. The text is in the public domain (Florence Nightingale died 1910).
License: Underlying PD text. Contributed text under Wikimedia Terms of Use (CC BY-SA 4.0).
What we changed: Excerpt of 2 whole paragraphs (579 words) from "part-0"; the wording is unchanged.
Purifications, Diets and a Disease Called Sacred
Hippocrates, "On the Sacred Disease" (1849), translated by Francis Adams. Excerpt from the Wikisource, "On the Sacred Disease", revision 13931002, https://en.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=On_the_Sacred_Disease&oldid=13931002. The text is in the public domain (Hippocrates died 370 BC; the translator died 1861).
License: Underlying PD text. Contributed text under Wikimedia Terms of Use (CC BY-SA 4.0).
What we changed: Excerpt of 2 whole paragraphs (623 words) from "part-0"; the wording is unchanged.
Variety and the Patient's Surroundings
Florence Nightingale, "Notes on Nursing: What It Is, and What It Is Not, Chapter V" (1860). Excerpt from the Wikisource, "Notes on Nursing: What It Is, and What It Is Not/Chapter V", revision 3583001, https://en.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=Notes_on_Nursing%3A_What_It_Is%2C_and_What_It_Is_Not%2FChapter_V&oldid=3583001. The text is in the public domain (Florence Nightingale died 1910).
License: Underlying PD text. Contributed text under Wikimedia Terms of Use (CC BY-SA 4.0).
What we changed: Excerpt of 7 whole paragraphs (586 words) from "part-0"; the wording is unchanged.
Study notes from Wikipedia
Wikipedia contributors. Wikipedia terms · License: CC BY-SA 4.0 and GFDL. ShareAlike: what we adapted from these articles is offered under the same license.
What we changed: Sections of the article are kept word for word as study notes. The AI tutor uses them to write explanations, which it marks as explained with AI assistance.
The 777 articles used
- Abiogenesis
- Abiotic component
- Abnormal psychology
- ABO blood group system
- Abscisic acid
- Absolute threshold
- Acceleration
- Accuracy and precision
- Acid dissociation constant
- Acid strength
- Action potential
- Activation energy
- Adenosine triphosphate
- Alcohol (chemistry)
- Aldehyde
- Alkane
- Alligation
- Alpha decay
- Alternating current
- Alternation of generations
- Amine
- Amino acid
- Ammeter
- Aneuploidy
- Angular momentum
- Animal
- Anomer
- Anthropology
- Anthropology of religion
- Antibody
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- Archimedes' principle
- Arithmetic
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- Atkinson–Shiffrin memory model
- Atom
- Atomic nucleus
- Attachment theory
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- Attribution (psychology)
- Australopithecus
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- Auxin
- Average
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- Bohr model
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- Carbohydrate
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- Cell cycle
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- Cell theory
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- Chemical bond
- Chemical equation
- Chemical equilibrium
- Chemical formula
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- Chemical polarity
- Chiefdom
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- Chromatography
- Chromosomal crossover
- Chromosome abnormality
- Circle
- Circular motion
- Circulatory system
- Cis–trans isomerism
- Citric acid cycle
- Cladistics
- Classical conditioning
- Cleavage (embryo)
- Coagulation
- Coelom
- Cognition
- Cognitive behavioral therapy
- Cognitive psychology
- Color
- Color vision
- Combination
- Combinatorics
- Community (ecology)
- Competition (biology)
- Complex number
- Compound interest
- Concentration
- Conditional probability
- Cone
- Conflict theories
- Conformity
- Connective tissue
- Consciousness
- Conservation biology
- Conservation of energy
- Continuity equation
- Convection
- Conversion of units
- Coordination complex
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- Correlation
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- Crime
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- Curved mirror
- Cycloalkane
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- Dalton's law
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- Decimal
- Demographics of the Philippines
- Demography
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- Density
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- Depth perception
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- Deuterostome
- Developmental psychology
- Deviance (sociology)
- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
- Dielectric
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- Diffraction
- Diffusion
- Digestive enzyme
- Dihybrid cross
- Dilution (equation)
- Dimensional analysis
- Disaccharide
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- Discrimination
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- Distillation
- Divisibility rule
- Divisor
- DNA
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- Dominance (genetics)
- Doppler effect
- Double fertilization
- Double-slit experiment
- Drag (physics)
- Dramaturgy (sociology)
- Dream
- Ecological niche
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- Electrochemistry
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- Emission spectrum
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- Empirical formula
- Enantiomer
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- Enculturation
- Endomembrane system
- Endotherm
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- Enzyme
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- Epigenetics
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- Equations of motion
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- Ester
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- Ethnicity
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- Euclidean vector
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- Exponentiation
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- Faraday's law of induction
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- Filipino psychology
- First law of thermodynamics
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- Fraction
- Frameshift mutation
- Free body diagram
- Free fall
- Friction
- Function (mathematics)
- Functional group
- Fungus
- Galvanic cell
- Gametogenesis
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- Gas laws
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- Gel electrophoresis
- Gender
- Gene flow
- Genetic code
- Genetic drift
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- Geologic time scale
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- Germ layer
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- Gestalt psychology
- Gibberellin
- Gibbs free energy
- Gill
- Globalization
- Glycolysis
- Graham's law
- Gravimetric analysis
- Greatest common divisor
- Ground tissue
- Group dynamics
- Gymnosperm
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- Hagen–Poiseuille equation
- Half-life
- Hardy–Weinberg principle
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- Heart
- Heart sounds
- Heart valve
- Heat
- Heat engine
- Heat transfer
- Hemodynamics
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- Henderson–Hasselbalch equation
- Hess's law
- History of anthropology
- History of life
- Homeostasis
- Homo erectus
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- Hooke's law
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- Human evolution
- Human eye
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- Human skeleton
- Humanistic psychology
- Hunter-gatherer
- Hydrostatics
- Hypnosis
- Hypothalamus
- Ideal gas law
- Identity (social science)
- Imaginary number
- Immune system
- Impulse (physics)
- Incest taboo
- Indigenous peoples of the Philippines
- Inductance
- Industrial and organizational psychology
- Inelastic collision
- Inequality (mathematics)
- Infrared spectroscopy
- Innate immune system
- Instinct
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- Insulin
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- Intelligence
- Intelligence quotient
- Interest rate
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- International System of Units
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- IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry
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- Joint
- Joule heating
- Kepler's laws of planetary motion
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- Labeling theory
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- Latent heat
- Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development
- LC circuit
- Le Chatelier's principle
- Leaf
- Learning
- Least common multiple
- Length contraction
- Lens
- Lenz's law
- Lewis acids and bases
- Lewis structure
- Life
- Limiting reagent
- Line chart
- Linear equation
- Linear inequality
- Linear trend estimation
- Linguistic anthropology
- Linguistic relativity
- Lipid
- Long-term memory
- Longitudinal wave
- Looking-glass self
- Lorentz force
- Loudness
- Lung
- Macroevolution
- Magic (supernatural)
- Magnet
- Magnetic field
- Main-group element
- Male reproductive system
- Markovnikov's rule
- Markup (business)
- Marriage
- Maslow's hierarchy of needs
- Mass fraction (chemistry)
- Mass media
- Mass spectrometry
- Mass–energy equivalence
- Material culture
- Matrilineality
- Matter wave
- Mechanical efficiency
- Mechanical equilibrium
- Median
- Medical anthropology
- Meiosis
- Memory
- Mendelian inheritance
- Menstrual cycle
- Mental disorder
- Meristem
- Metabolism
- Michaelis–Menten kinetics
- Microevolution
- Microscopy
- Milgram experiment
- Mitosis
- Mode (statistics)
- Modernization theory
- Molality
- Molar concentration
- Molar mass
- Mole (unit)
- Mole fraction
- Molecular geometry
- Molecular orbital theory
- Moment of inertia
- Momentum
- Monosaccharide
- Mores
- Motion graphs and derivatives
- Motivation
- Muscle contraction
- Muscular system
- Mutation
- Mycorrhiza
- Myelin
- Myopia
- Natural selection
- Negative feedback
- Negative number
- Nephron
- Nernst equation
- Nervous system
- Nervous tissue
- Neuromuscular junction
- Neuron
- Neurotransmitter
- Newton's law of universal gravitation
- Newton's laws of motion
- Nitrogen cycle
- Nitrogen fixation
- Nondisjunction
- Nth root
- Nuclear family
- Nuclear fission
- Nuclear force
- Nuclear fusion
- Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
- Nuclear medicine
- Nucleic acid
- Nucleic acid double helix
- Nucleotide
- Nutrition
- Observational error
- Observational learning
- Ohm's law
- Oogenesis
- Operant conditioning
- Operon
- Orbit
- Order of operations
- Organelle
- Osmoregulation
- Oxidation state
- Oxidative phosphorylation
- Participant observation
- Pascal's law
- Pastoralism
- Patrilineality
- Pearson's chi-squared test
- Pedigree chart
- Pendulum
- Peptide
- Percentage
- Perimeter
- Periodic table
- Periodic trends
- Peripheral nervous system
- Permutation
- Personality psychology
- PH indicator
- Phase transition
- Phospholipid
- Phosphorus cycle
- Photoelectric effect
- Photon
- Photoperiodism
- Photorespiration
- Photosynthesis
- Photosynthetic pigment
- Phylogenetic tree
- Phytochrome
- Piaget's theory of cognitive development
- Pie chart
- Pitch (music)
- Pituitary gland
- Placenta
- Plant anatomy
- Plant cell
- Plant defense against herbivory
- Plant hormone
- Polarization (waves)
- Political sociology
- Polymer
- Polymerase chain reaction
- Polymerization
- Polynomial
- Polysaccharide
- Population ecology
- Positive feedback
- Potential energy
- Poverty
- Power (physics)
- Precipitation (chemistry)
- Predation
- Pregnancy
- Prehistory
- Prejudice
- Pressure flow hypothesis
- Pressure–volume diagram
- Primary production
- Primate
- Prime number
- Prion
- Prism (geometry)
- Probability
- Problem solving
- Projectile motion
- Prokaryote
- Properties of water
- Proportionality (mathematics)
- Protein
- Protein structure
- Protist
- Protostome
- Proximate and ultimate causation
- Psychiatric medication
- Psychoactive drug
- Psychoanalytic theory
- Psychological stress
- Psychology
- Psychometrics
- Psychotherapy
- Pteridophyte
- Pulmonary circulation
- Punnett square
- Pythagorean theorem
- Quadratic equation
- Race (human categorization)
- Radioactive decay
- Rate (mathematics)
- Rate equation
- Ratio
- Rational function
- Rational number
- RC circuit
- Real number
- Recombinant DNA
- Recrystallization (chemistry)
- Redox
- Reflection (physics)
- Reflex arc
- Refraction
- Regulation of gene expression
- Relative change
- Relative density
- Relative velocity
- Religion
- Renal physiology
- Reproductive isolation
- Research design
- Resocialization
- Resonance
- Resonance (chemistry)
- Respiratory system
- Restriction enzyme
- Rh blood group system
- RICE chart
- Right triangle
- Ritual
- RNA
- RNA splicing
- Role
- Role conflict
- Root
- Rotamer
- Rotation around a fixed axis
- Rounding
- Rutherford model
- Sampling (statistics)
- Saponification
- Scalar (physics)
- Scatter plot
- Scientific control
- Scientific method
- Scientific notation
- Second law of thermodynamics
- Secondary growth
- Seed
- Self-concept
- Separation process
- Series (mathematics)
- Series and parallel circuits
- Sex linkage
- Sex-determination system
- Sexual orientation
- Sexual reproduction
- Short-term memory
- Signal transduction
- Significant figures
- Simple harmonic motion
- Skeletal formula
- Skin
- Slavery
- Sleep
- Sliding filament theory
- Slope
- Smooth muscle
- SN1 reaction
- Snell's law
- Social change
- Social cognitive theory
- Social control
- Social group
- Social mobility
- Social movement
- Social norm
- Social psychology
- Social status
- Social stratification
- Social structure
- Socialization
- Sociolinguistics
- Sociology
- Sociology of education
- Sociology of religion
- Solenoid
- Solubility equilibrium
- Solvent
- Somatosensory system
- Sound
- Special relativity
- Speciation
- Specific heat capacity
- Spectrophotometry
- Speed
- Sphere
- Spontaneous process
- Square root
- Standard deviation
- Standing wave
- Statics
- Stem cell
- Stereochemistry
- Steroid
- Stoichiometry
- Stoma
- Strain (mechanics)
- Strain theory (sociology)
- Stress (biology)
- Stress (mechanics)
- Structural formula
- Structural functionalism
- Subsistence agriculture
- Symbiosis
- Symbolic interactionism
- Symmetry in biology
- System of linear equations
- T cell
- Table (format)
- Tabon Caves
- Taboo
- Taxonomy (biology)
- Temperature
- Thermal conduction
- Thermal equilibrium
- Thermal expansion
- Thermal radiation
- Thermoregulation
- Thin lens
- Thin-film interference
- Third law of thermodynamics
- Three-domain system
- Time dilation
- Tissue (biology)
- Titration
- Tollens' reagent
- Tonicity
- Torque
- Total internal reflection
- Transcription (biology)
- Transformer
- Transition metal
- Translation (biology)
- Transverse wave
- Triangle
- Tribe
- Triboelectric effect
- Trigonometric functions
- Trigonometry
- Trophic level
- Types of social groups
- Uncertainty principle
- Urbanization
- Valence bond theory
- Vasopressin
- Vestibular system
- Virus
- Viscosity
- Voltmeter
- Volume
- Water potential
- Wave
- Wave interference
- Wave–particle duality
- Wavelength
- Weight
- Weighted arithmetic mean
- Word problem (mathematics education)
- Work (physics)
- Work (thermodynamics)
- X-inactivation
- X-ray
- Young's modulus
- Zeroth law of thermodynamics
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